Complaint Letter & Application Letter

A.    COMPLAINT LETTER

Complaint letter is a letter to a company or supplier of goods and services as a result of services or goods we buy are not in accordance with what we expect or not good. the claims are made when consumers feel uncomfortable with some things, such as:

1.      Delay goods is a destination that is far from the promised producer.

2.     The amount of goods ordered is not in accordance with the number of items sent or received by consumers.

3.      The quality of goods is not in accordance with the expected consumer.

4.      There was damage to the goods when delivered.

5.      Service employees who are not in accordance with the customer wants.

However, complaints or any form of claim will certainly not be easily accepted by the receiving party complaints. Need to be accompanied by some evidence that we are consumers who are experiencing disappointment because of some complaints. To formalize a claim letter to the letter of trade, as it is required, it also attaches receipt of payment when the purchase. Thus, if the evidence is enough, consumers can also take the following action:

1.      Cancel the purchase of goods.

2.      Ask the rebates on producers.

3.      Goods are damaged or lost, can be accounted for by compensation in the form of new stuff.

4.      Damage to goods or other complaints form can be held with any loss due to the corresponding amount.

Interest Complaint Letter

      To convey the incompatibility of a service, goods, etc. As a consumer, expect no action from the company to handle the complaint. And as a criticism of the company so as not to repeat mistakes in the future.

     The function of the Complaint Letter is to change an unacceptable situation. Writing a letter requires more time than making a phone call. People who get a complaint letter know this. They really read letters of complaint, unlike voice mail which is often ignored. Letters of complaint are often written for businesses, organizations, government agencies, schools and news departments.

Effective Complain Letter must:

·         Short

·         Authoritative

·         Factual

·         Constructive

·         friendly

The main benefit of the complaint letter is to explain the problem. It is very important that the complaint letter clearly describes the problem and tells the recipient to be responsible. Write without rambling. Describe facts without anger. Next, give a way out to the recipient. Offer a possible solution to this problem. Make a reasonable one, like asking for a refund or credit.

Where as the complained party must answer the complaint letter with the complaint letter/response letter (Response Letter). Some letters of complaints from customers are justified, and some can be outrageous. Without conducting a full investigation, the complained company cannot find out whether the complaint is legitimate or not. Therefore, every complaint must be examined carefully before reaching a conclusion about the situation. This process may take time, so sending a letter to an angry customer is an ideal way to inform him that the company has received a complaint and is investigating the situation.

Example:

 

B.     APPLICATION LETTER

An application is a letter that functions to apply for a job in a company or in a body. A cover letter is also referred to as CV or Curricullum Vitae or Job Application Letter. Usually a CV is sent with a job application or resume that will be sent to the destination company.

An application letter in English must be written in accordance with certain rules. There are several tips in writing a CV. Cover letter in English:

• ·         In making a cover letter, avoid inappropriate language such as slang or technical jargon.
• ·         Using short, short, and short paragraphs.
• ·         Check spelling, grammar and punctuation carefully. Some employers routinely choose job applications that contain these errors.
• ·         The usual command structure sends a job or email that is used to give a title as a title, or into the first sentence of a letter, using a reference code if there is one. This will ensure that your application letter can go directly to the right person in the organization.
• ·         You also have to mention where you see the vacancy or where you see the vacancy.

Example:

QUESTIONS OF COMPLAINT LETTER:

1. Who is complainer in the letter?

Mr. Peter Cherbi

2. What is the letter talking about?

Two of the silicitor members of the Committee declared an interest in this item, with the result that the Committee meeting was no longer quorate.

3. When is the date considered?

25nd June 2005

4. Why the Committee declared an interest?

Because the meeting being inquorate.

5. How the Committee resolve a problem?

Continue the matter untill a future Client Relations Committee meeting.

QUESTIONS OF APPLICATION LETTER:

1. Who is the sending of the letter?

Elizabeth Johnson

2. Who is the receiver letter?

Mark Smith, Manager Human Resources

3. What is the letter talking about?

the letter is talking about that Elizabeth excited when his former coworker, Jay Lopez told she is about Mark's opening for an administrative assistant in Portland offices.

4. What is the most letter talking about?

Elizabeth told to Mark Smith that she is haved work in the small companies for his entire career.

5. Where is the last role of Elizabeth?

At Beauty Corp.

Inquiry Letter and Order Letter

       1.      Inquiry Letter

An Inquiry Letter is a type of request letter or request for information about a product, service, job opening or other business information. This function is to display information sources such as newspapers, magazines or electronic media about current products / services with the information needed.

At present it is an initial step from a company from various parties. In this letter, there are a number of things discussed by the service provider / product which is a question from the buyer in order to help the buyer to find out information about the product / service. These things include:

a.       Name and type of product

b.      Product specifications, namely; type, size, quality, capacity etc.;

c.       Price of the unit.

d.      Discounts;

e.       How to pay from the buyer to the seller;

f.       How to deliver products from seller to buyer, and

g.      Convenience that may be obtained by the buyer, such as a warranty and others.

        Example an Inquiry Letter:

2.      Order Letter

An Order Letter is a letter from a prospective buyer to the seller whose contents ask for a quote. That is, prospective buyers ask through a letter so that the seller formally offers him an offer. With the offer from the seller, the prospective buyer will find out the price, the terms of sale and purchase, and a description of the goods or services to be purchased. This is the purpose of the prospective buyer writing a letter requesting an offer to the seller. If the prospective buyer already knows the condition of an item / service and the price and purchase conditions, of course he does not need to ask for a quote from the seller.

An Order Letter is required in formal trade which requires official official procedures in writing. A large company as a seller, for example, does not simply serve requests for offers via telephone. Letters of request for offers are often the initial stages of the process of business transactions. Through the order letter the prospective buyer asks or asks for information about the goods or services that will be bought. As a reaction, the seller explains the things that the buyer wants to order and finally the business transaction occurs as the peak of the buying and selling process.

Remember that all relevant information must be given in the order letter. This is like more business and of course helps to prevent reading errors to compile a table of items needed. As a guide for compiling an order letter you must fulfill:

a.       Reference to a source of information

b.      List of products to be ordered

c.     Quantity, quality, price, catalog number (if any) (quantity, quality, price, catalog number (if any))

d.      Details of delivery and payment (delivery and payment details)

e.      An order number (order number)

The order letter is used to order goods according to the amount needed by the company either by using the official order form or not. There are two ways to make an order letter, namely:

a.       Order without using official order form

b.      Order by using the official order form

Ordering without using an official order form can be done by simply writing a letter with all the order details by directly entering into the letter. Thus, this letter functions as an order letter, so the content must be clear, concise and direct to the destination.

            While in large companies, in general, it is usually done by using an official order form. Every time you want to make an order, you can fill in the available fields. Order forms or often called purchase orders (PO) usually consist of:

a.       No. (number)

b.      Unit price

c.       Description / items

d.      Amount

e.       Quantity

f.       Delivery date

g.      Type

h.      Terms of payment

Example an Order Letter:

Questions about Inquiry Letter.

1. Who is the sending message ?

Marketing Director of Cloud Clothes Distro Indonesia product.

2. Who is the received of the message?

 Mr. Cokro Darmawan

3. What is the position of Mr. Cokro?

Executive Director of Indonesia Garment.

4. What is the most important things a message talking about?

Marketing Director of Cloud Clothes Distro will visited Mr. Cokro Darmawan stand, because it has a interested result.

5. What will Cloud Clothes Distro do next after arrived in Mr.Cokro Darmawan stand?

Check the details of product with a sample and term of payment price list.

Questions about Order Letter.

1. What is the position of Jim Dandy?

General Manager of Dandy Manufacturing. Inc

2. What the items Mr. Jim Dandy want to orders?

Tiny Blue Widget, Deluxe Yellow Widget and Super Deluxe Red Widget.

3. What method of payment is used?

Cash on Delivery

4. How long the delivery notice ?

10 days.

5. What is the name of shop Mr.Jim Dandy ordered?

Better Widget Markers,Inc.

Part's of Business Letter and Style's of Business Letter

Style’s of Business Letter

·         

Full Block Style Business Letters

        Full block style business letters have a formal appearance, however they can be used in informal business situations as well as formal ones. If you are looking for a single format that will work well in every situation, this is a good one to use.
        Notice that the following business letter format is laid out so that it is easy to read. It is also a template that is very easy to type, as there are no indents to worry about.

Full Block Format Business Letter Template

Your Name
Address
Address
Phone
Today’s Date

Recipient’s Name
Company
Address
Address
Address

Dear (Recipient’s Name),

   This block format business letter template illustrates how quick and easy communications can be to type. Notice that it looks very much like the semi-block letter format, except the paragraphs are not indented. This is a format you can use for all business occasions.
Notice that all elements in this letter are left justified. This formatting provides a crisp, modern look that many people prefer.
   If you have any enclosures to include in this letter, make a note at the bottom left, a few spaces below the signature block. Just write “enclosures:” and follow up with the names of any items inside the envelope. A brochure, an application, or a copy of an invoice are some of the things you might think about including.

Sincerely,

Your First name, Last name, and Title

Example: 

  

·         Modified Block Style Business Leters

        Modified block style business letters are less formal than full block style letters. If you are corresponding with someone you already have a good working relationship with, the modified block style letter is a good one to use.
        Notice that the following business letter format is written without indents. If you prefer to use indents, try using the semi-block or modified semi-block format instead.

         Modified Block Format Business Letter Template

         Your Name

         Address

         Address

         Phone

         Today’s Date

         Recipient’s Name

         Company Name

         Address

         Address

         Address

        

         Dear (Recipient’s Name):

                         This modified block business letter format looks very much like the modified semi-block letter format, except the paragraphs are not indented. Modified block letters are just a little less formal than full block letters.
       Notice that the sender’s address, the closing, the signature, and the signature block all start near the center of the page. In some cases, people who prefer to use this format begin these elements five spaces to the right of the center of the page.
       If you have any enclosures to include in this letter, make a note at the bottom left, a few spaces below the signature block. Just write “enclosures:” and follow up with the names of any items inside the envelope. A brochure, an application, or a copy of an invoice are some of the things you might think about including.

         Sincerely,

         Your First name, Last name, and Title

         Example:

·         Standard Format Business Letters

       Standard format business letters are quite formal. Because they include an optional subject line, they are ideal for situations in which you need to create a formal response or communicate about an account number or case number.
        At the bottom of this template, you’ll see something the other business letter templates don’t contain. Below the signature block are three lines of text indicating that a secretary or assistant typed the letter for the sender, that a copy was sent to another recipient, and that there are enclosures. In other business letter formats, “enclosures” is written out. In standard format, the word is abbreviated.

Standard Format Business Letter Template

 Your Name
Address
Address
Phone
Today’s Date

Recipient’s Name
Company Name
Address
Address
Address

SUBJECT: Type the subject here and underline it.

Dear (Recipient’s Name),

       This standard business letter format looks very much like the block letter format. Notice that everything is left justified.
       You will notice that this template contains some elements that are different from those in the other business letter formats on this page. First, there is a subject line. This element is optional, and can be replaced with a “RE:” line that is used to reference something specific like a previous communication or an account number. Be sure to underline this so that it stands out.
       Additionally, this template has three other elements. On the line located beneath the signature block, you will notice my initials in upper case letters. A colon separates them from my assistant’s initials, which are written in lower case letters. This indicates that my assistant typed the letter for me. If you type a standard business letter yourself, you do not need to include this element.
Beneath the initials, you will see “cc:” followed by my business partner’s name. This indicates that I have sent a copy of this letter to my partner. If you write a letter like this one but don’t cc anyone, there’s no need to include this element.
       Finally, you will notice the letters “encl” followed by a colon. This indicates that there are enclosures. Interestingly, the standard business letter is the only one in which you use “encl” instead of writing “enclosure” to show that a brochure, application, invoice, or other item(s) are enclosed. As you may have already guessed, you can skip the “encl” if you haven’t included anything with the letter in the envelope.

Sincerely,

Your First name, Last name, and Title
YN:an
cc: Business Partner, Other entity
encl: Business letter template

Example:

·         Open Format Business Letters

The open format business letter has a clean, formal look just as the block format letter does. It is suitable for all business communications.
There is one major difference between this format and the other business letter formats on this page: It contains no punctuation after the greeting, and no punctuation after the closing.

Example:

·         Semi-Block Format Business Letter

The semi-block format business letter is a little less formal than the block format letter and slightly more formal than the modified block format letter. It works well in almost all situations and is a good choice if you find yourself on the fence about which format to use.
Semi-block business letters differ from most others in that the first line of each paragraph is indented. Look at the modified semi-block business letter template if you’d like to try another format with indentations. It is the least formal of all the formats shown on this page.

Semi-Block Format Business Letter Template

Your Name
Address
Address
Phone
Today’s Date

Recipient’s Name
Company
Address
Address
Address

Dear (Recipient’s Name),

This semi-block business letter format looks very much like the block letter format, except the

paragraphs have been indented. Semi-block format letters are just a little more formal than modified semi-block business letters.

Notice that the sender’s address, the closing, the signature, and the signature block are left justified.

The only elements of this business letter format that are not left justified are the first lines of each of the paragraphs.

If you have any enclosures to include in this letter, make a note at the bottom left, a few spaces below

the signature block. Just write “enclosures:” and follow up with the names of any items inside the envelope. A brochure, an application, or a copy of an invoice are some of the things you might think about including.

Sincerely,

Your First name, Last name, and Title

        Example:

Part’s of Bussiness Letters

A business letter is a formal letter with six parts:

The Heading
The heading contains the return address with the date on the last line. Sometimes it is necessary to include a line before the date with a phone number, fax number, or e-mail address. Often there is a line skipped between the address and the date. It is not necessary to type a return address if you are using stationery with the return address already imprinted, but you should always use a date.  Make sure the heading is on the left margin.
Example:

Ms. Jane Doe
543 Washington St
Marquette, MI 49855
Tel:
Fax:
Email:
June 28, 2011 

Recipient’s Address
This is the address you are sending your letter to. Be sure to make it as complete as possible so it gets to its destination. Always include title names (such as Dr.) if you know them. This is, like the other address, on the left margin. If a standard 8 ½” x 11” paper is folded in thirds to fit in a standard 9” business envelope, the inside address should appear through the window in the envelope (if there is one). Be sure to skip a line after the heading and before the recipient’s address, then skip another line after the inside address before the greeting. For an example, see the end of this sheet for a sample letter.

The Salutation
The salutation (or greeting) in a business letter is always formal. It often begins with “Dear {Person’s name}.” Once again, be sure to include the person’s title if you know it (such as Ms., Mrs., Mr., or Dr).  If you’re unsure about the person’s title then just use their first name. For example, you would use only the person’s first name if the person you are writing to is “Jordan” and you’re not sure if he or she is male or female.
The salutation always ends with a colon.

The Body
The body is the meat of your letter. For block and modified block letter formats, single space and left justify each paragraph. Be sure to leave a blank line between each paragraph, however, no matter the format. Be sure to also skip a line between the salutation and the body, as well as the body and the close.
               
The Complimentary Close
The complimentary close is a short and polite remark that ends your letter. The close begins at the same justification as your date and one line after the last body paragraph. Capitalize the first word of your closing (Thank you) and leave four lines for a signature between the close and the sender’s name. A comma should follow the closing.

The Signature Line
Skip at least four lines after the close for your signature, and then type out the name to be signed. This often includes a middle initial, although it is not required. Women may put their title before had to show how they wish to be addressed (Ms., Mrs., Miss).
The signature should be in blue or black ink.

Enclosures
If you have any enclosed documents, such as a resume, you can indicate this by typing “Enclosures” one line below the listing. You also may include the name of each document.

Format and Font

Many organizations have their own style for writing a business letter, but here  are some common examples.

Block
The most common layout for a business letter is called a block format. In this format, the entire letter is justified to the left and single spaced except for a double space between paragraphs.

Modified Block
Modified block is another popular type of business letter. The body of the letter and the sender’s and recipient’s addresses are left justified and single spaced. However, in this format, the date and closing are tabbed to the center point.

Semi-Block
The least used style is called a semi-block. In it each paragraph is indented instead of left justified.

Font
The standard font for business letters is Times New Roman, size 12. However, fonts that are clear to read such as Arial may be used.

Sample Letter
{NOTE: your name goes only at the bottom}
Your Return Address (no abbreviations for Street, Avenue, etc.)
Your City, YO [your two letter state abbreviation] zip
Date (write out either like June 4, 2004 or 4 June 2004)
First and Last Name of the Person to whom you are writing
Address
City, ST zip
Dear Mr./Ms. Whomever:
In the first paragraph, introduce what you are writing about and what you want from them.
In the subsequent paragraphs, explain the nature of your problem and what they can do for you. Be non-combative and straight to the point.

In the last paragraph, be sure to thank him/her for his/her time and efforts on your behalf. Also, let them know that you will contact them or that they can contact you with any questions.
Sincerely yours,
{four spaces so that your signature may appear here}
Jane Doe
A business letter is not restricted to one page; the letter should be as long as it needs to be.

Undang-undang yang Terkait Dengan Ekonomi

Pasal 33

(1) Perekonomian disusun sebagai usaha bersama berdasar atas asas kekeluargaan.

(2) Cabang-cabang produksi yang penting bagi negara dan yang menguasai hajat hidup orang banyak dikuasai oleh negara.

(3) Bumi dan air dan kekayaan alam yang terkandung didalamnya dikuasai oleh negara dan dipergunakan untuk sebesar-besar kemakmuran rakyat.

(4) Perekonomian nasional diselenggarakan berdasar atas demokrasi ekonomi dengan prinsip kebersamaan, efisiensi berkeadilan, berkelanjutan, berwawasan lingkungan, kemandirian, serta dengan menjaga keseimbangan kemajuan dan kesatuan ekonomi nasional.
(5) Ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai pelaksanaan pasal ini diatur dalam undang-undang.

Pasal 34

(1) Fakir miskin dan anak-anak yang terlantar dipelihara oleh negara.
(2) Negara mengembangkan sistem jaminan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat dan memberdayakan masyarakat yang lemah dan tidak mampu sesuai dengan martabat kemanusiaan.
(3) Negara bertanggung jawab atas penyediaan fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan dan fasilitas pelayanan umum yang layak.
(4) Ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai pelaksanaan pasal ini diatur dalam undang-undang.

Pasal 37

(1) Usul perubahan pasal-pasal Undang-Undang Dasar dapat diagendakan dalam sidang Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat apabila diajukan oleh sekurang-kurangnya 1/3 dari jumlah anggota Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat.
(2) Setiap usul perubahan pasal-pasal Undang-Undang Dasar diajukan secara tertulis dan ditunjukkan dengan jelas bagian yang diusulkan untuk diubah beserta alasannya.
(3) Untuk mengubah pasal-pasal Undang-Undang Dasar, Sidang Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat dihadiri oleh sekurang-kurangnya 2/3 dari jumlah anggota Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat.
(4) Putusan untuk mengubah pasal-pasal Undang-Undang Dasar dilakukan dengan persetujuan sekurang-kurangnya lima puluh persen ditambah satu anggota dari seluruh anggota Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat.
(5) Khusus mengenai bentuk Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia tidak dapat dilakukan perubahan.

Penyelesaian Sengketa Ekonomi

Pengertian Sengketa

Dalam bahasa Indonesia sengketa  berarti pertentangan atau konflik, Konflik berarti adanya oposisi atau pertentangan antara orang-orang, kelompok-kelompok, atau organisasi-organisasi terhadap satu objek permasalahan.

Berikut ini pengertian sengketa menurut beberapa ahli:

1.Windiarti

“Pertentangan atau konflik yang terjadi antara individu-individu atau kelompok-kelompok yang mempunyai hubungan atau kepentingan yang sama atas suatu objek kepemilikan, yang menimbulkan akibat hukum antara satu dengan yang lain.”

2. Ali Achmad

“Sengketa adalah pertentangan antara dua pihak atau lebih yang berawal dari persepsi yang berbeda tentang suatu kepentingan atau hak milik yang dapat menimbulkan akibat hukum bagi keduanya.”

Dari kedua pendapat diatas maka dapat dikatakan bahwa sengketa adalah prilaku pertentangan antara dua orang atau lebih yang dapat menimbulkan suatu akibat hukum dan karenanya dapat diberi sangsi hukum bagi salah satu diantara keduanya.

Urgensi Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa

Penyelesaian sengketa secara konvensional dilakukan melalui sebuah badan yang disebut dengan pengadilan. Sudah sejak ratusan tahun bahkan ribuan tahun badan-badan pengadilan ini telah berkiprah. Akan tetapi, lama kelamaan badan pengadilan ini semakin terpasung dalam tembok yuridis yang sukar ditembusi oleh para justitiabelen (pencari keadilan), khususnya jika pencari keadilan tersebut adalah pelaku bisnis, dengan sengketa yang menyangkut dengan bisnis ekonomi. Maka mulailah dipikirkan alternatif-alternatif lain untuk menyelesaikan sengketa, diantaranya adalah lewat badan arbitrase.

Semula memang badan-badan penyelesaian sengketa yang bukan pengadilan ini mendapat reaksi dari berbagai pihak dengan tuduhan sebagai peradilan sempalan. Namun kemudian, sejarah juga membuktikan bahwa memang ada kebutuhan yang nyata terhadap alternatif penyelesaian sengketa yang bukan pengadilan, sehingga dewasa ini badan-badan alternatif penyelesaian sengketa sudah diterima secara oleh hukum dimanapun. Arbitrase penyelesaian sengketa, khususnya sengketa ekonomi, yang sangat populer adalah penyelesaian sengketa lewat lembaga arbitrase (nasional maupun internasional).

Arbitrase adalah cara penyelesaian sengketa perdata yang bersifat swasta di luar pengadilan umum yang didasarkan pada kontrak arbitase yang dibuat secara tertulis oleh para pihak yang bersengketa, dimana pihak penyelesai sengketa (arbriter) tersebut dipilih oleh para pihak yang bersangkutan, yang terdiri dariorang-orang yang tidak berkepentingan dengan perkara yang bersangkutan, orangorang mana akan memeriksa dan memberi putusan terhadapa sengketa tersebut.

Orang yang bertindak untuk menjadi penyelesai sengketa dalam arbitrase disebut dengan arbriter. Arbiter ini, baik tunggal maupun majelis yang jika mejelis terdiri dari 3 (tiga) orang. Di Indonesia syarat-syarat untuk menjadi arbiter adalah sebagi berikut:

·         Cakap dalam melakukan tindakan hukum.

·         Berumur minimal 35 tahun.

·         Tidak mempunyai hubungan sedarah atau semnda sampai dengan derajat kedua dengan salah satu pihak yang bersengketa.

·         Tidak mempunyai kepentingan finansial atau kepentingan lain atar putusan arbitrase.

·         Mempunyai pengalaman atau menguasai secara aktif dalam bidangnya paling sedikit 15 tahun.

·         Hakim, jaksa, panitera dan pejabat lainnya tidak boleh menjadi arbriter.

Cara-cara Penyelesaian Sengketa Ekonomi

Penyelesaian sengketa ekonomi bertujuan untuk menghentikan pertikaian dan menghindari kekerasan dan akkibat-akibat yang mungkin akan terjadi akibat dari persengketaan tersebut.

Menurut pasal 33 ayat 1 (Perekonomian disusun sebagai usaha bersama berdasar atas asas kekeluargaan) Piagam PBB penyelesaian sengketa dapat ditempuh melalui cara-cara sebagai berikut:

1. Negosiasi (perundingan)
Perundingan merupakan pertukaran pandangan dan usul-usul antara dua pihak untuk menyelesaikan suatu persengketaan, jadi tidak melibatkan pihak ketiga.

2. Enquiry (penyelidikan)
Penyelidikan dilakukan oleh pihak ketiga yang tidak memihak dimaksud untuk mencari fakta.

3. Good offices (jasa-jasa baik)
Pihak ketiga dapat menawarkan jasa-jasa baik jika pihak yang bersengketa tidak dapat menyelesaikan secara langsung persengketaan yang terjadi diantara mereka.

Penyelesaian perkara perdata melalui sistem peradilan:

• ·         Memberi kesempatan yang tidak adil (unfair), karena lebih memberi kesempatan kepada lembaga-lembaga besar atau orang kaya.
• ·          Sebaliknya secara tidak wajar menghalangi rakyat biasa (ordinary citizens) untuk perkara di pengadilan.

Tujuan memperkarakan suatu sengketa:

• ·         Untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang konkret dan memuaskan
• ·         Pemecahannya harus cepat (quickly), wajar (fairly) dan murah (inexpensive)

Sistem Alternatif yang Dikembangkan
a). Sistem Mediation

Mediasi berarti menengahi atau penyelesaian sengketa melalui penengah (mediator). Dengan demikian sistem mediasi, mencari penyelesaian sengketa melalui mediator (penengah). Dari pengertian di atas, mediasi merupakan salah satu alternatif penyelesaian sengketa sebagai terobosan atas cara-cara penyelesaian tradisional melalui litigation (berperkara di pengadilan). Pada mediasi, para pihak yang bersengketa, datang bersama secara pribadi. Saling berhadapan antara yang satu dengan yang lain. Para pihak berhadapan dengan mediator sebagai pihak ketiga yang netral. Peran dan fungsi mediator, membantu para pihak mencari jalan keluar atas penyelesaian yang mereka sengketakan. Penyelesaian yang hendak diwujudkan dalam mediasi adalah compromise atau kompromi di antara para pihak. Dalam mencari kompromi, mediator memperingatkan, jangan sampai salah satu pihak cenderung untuk mencari kemenangan. Sebab kalau timbul gejala yang seperti itu, para pihak akan terjebak pada yang dikemukakan Joe Macroni Kalau salah satu pihak ingin mencari kemenangan, akan mendorong masing-masing pihak menempuh jalan sendiri (I have may way and you have your way). Akibatnya akan terjadi jalan buntu (there is no the way).

b). Sistem Minitrial

Sistem yang lain hampir sama dengan mediasi ialah minitrial. Sistem ini muncul di Amerika pada tahun 1977. Jadi kalau terjadi sengketa antara dua pihak, terutama di bidang bisnis, masing-masing pihak mengajak dan sepakat untuk saling mendengar dan menerima persoalan yang diajukan pihak lain:

·         Setelah itu baru mereka mengadakan perundingan (negotiation)

·         Sekiranya dari masalah yang diajukan masing-masing ada hal-hal yang dapat diselesaikan, mereka tuangkan dalam satu resolusi (resolution).

c). Sistem Concilition

Konsolidasi (conciliation), dapat diartikan sebagai pendamai atau lembaga pendamai. Bentuk ini sebenarnya mirip dengan apa yang diatur dalam Pasal 131 HIR. Oleh karena itu, pada hakikatnya sistem peradilan Indonesia dapat disebut mirip dengan mix arbitration, yang berarti:

·         Pada tahap pertama proses pemeriksaan perkara, majelis hakim bertindak sebagai conciliator atau majelis pendamai

·         Setelah gagal mendamaikan, baru terbuka kewenangan majelis hakim untuk memeriksa dan mengadili perkara dengan jalan menjatuhkan putusan.

Biasanya lembaga konsiliasi merupakan salah satu bagian kegiatan lembaga arbitrase, arbitrase institusional, bertindak juga sebagai conciliation yang bertindak sebagai conciliator adalah panel yang terdaftar pada Arbitrase Institusional yang bersangkutan:

·         Sengketa yang diselesaikan oleh lembaga konsiliasi pada umumnya meliputi sengketa bisnis

·         Hasil penyelesaian yang diambil berbentuk resolution, bukan putusan atau award (verdict)

·         Hasil penyelesaian yang berbentuk resolusi tidak dapat diminta eksekusi ke pengadilan

·         Dengan demikian, walaupun resolusi memeng itu bersifat binding (mengikat) kepada para pihak, apabila salah satu pihak tidak menaati dengan sukarela tidak dapat diminta eksekusi ke pengadilan. Dalam hal yang seperti itu penyelesaian selanjutnya harus mengajukan gugatan ke pengadilan.

d). Sistem Adjudication

Sistem Adjudication merupakan salah satu alternatif penyelesaian sengketa bisnis yang baru berkembang di beberapa negara. Sistem ini sudah mulai populer di Amerika dan Hongkong.

Secara harafiah, pengertian “ajuddication” adalah putusan. Dan memang demikian halnya. Para pihak yang bersengketa sepakat meminta kepada seseorang untuk menjatuhkan putusan atas sengketa yang timbul diantara mereka:

·         Orang yang diminta bertindak dalam adjudication disebut adjudicator

·         Dia berperan dan berfungsi seolah-olah sebagai HAIM (act as judge),

·         Dia diberi hak mengambil putusan (give decision).

Pada prinsipnya, sengketa yang diselesaikan melalui sistem adjudication adalah sengketa yang sangat khusus dan kompleks (complicated). Tidak sembarangan orang dapat menyelesaiakan, karena untuk itu diperlukan keahlian yang khusus oleh seorang spesialis profesional. Sengketa konstruksi misalnya. Tidak semua orang dapat menyelesaikan. Diperlukan seorang insinyur profesional.

            Proses penyelesaian sengketa meleui sistem ini, sangat sederhana. Apabila timbul sengketa:

·         Para pihak membuat kesepakatan penyelesaian melaui adjudication

·         Berdasar persetujuan ini, mereka menunjuk seorang adjudicator yang benar-benar profesional

·         Dalam kesepakatan itu, kedua belah pihak diberi kewenangan (authority) kepada adjudicator untuk mengabil keputusan (decision) yang mengikat kepada kedua belah pihak (binding to each party)

·         Sebelum mengambil keputusan, adjudicator dapat meminta informasi dari kedua belah pihak, baik secara terpisah maupun secara bersama-sama.

e). Sistem Arbitrase

Mengenai arbitrase, sudah lama dikenal. Semula dikenal oleh Inggris dan Amerika pada tahun 1779 melaui Jay Treaty. Berdasar data ini, perkembangan arbitrase sebagai salah satu sistem alternatif tempat penyelesaian sengketa, sudah berjalan selam adua abad.Sekarang semua negara di dunia telah memiliki Undang-undang arbitrase.

 Indonesia ketentuan arbitrase diatur dalam Buku Ketiga RV. Dengan demikian, umurnya sudah terlampau tua, karena RV dikodifikasi pada tahun 1884. Oleh karena itu, aturan yang terdapat didalamnya sudah ketinggalan, jika dibandingkan dengan perkembangan kebutuhan.
Memang banyak persamaan prinsip antara arbitrase dengan sistem alternatif yang lain tadi, seperti:

·         Sederhana dan cepat (informal dan quick)

·         Prinsip konfidensial

·         Diselesaikan oleh pihak ketiga netral yang memiliki pengetahuan khusus secara profesional.

Perbedaan yang dianggap fundamental, antara lain dapat dikemukakan hal-hal sebagai berikut:
1. Masalah biaya, dianggap sangat mahal (expensive).

Biaya yang harus dikeluarkan penyelesaian arbitrase, hampir sama adengan biaya litigasi di pengadilan. Terdapat beberapa komponen biaya yang harus dikeluarkan, sehingga terkadang jauh lebih besar biaya dengan apa yang harus dikeluarkan bila perkara diajukan ke pengadilan. Komponen biaya atrbitrase terdiri dari:

(a) Biaya administrasi

(b) Honor arbitrator.

(c) Biaya transportasi dan akomodasi arbitrator

 (d) Biaya saksi dan ahli.

Komponen biaya yang seperti itu, tidak ada dalam mediasi atau minitrial. Jika pun ada biaya yang harus dikeluarkan, jauh lebih kecil. Apalagi mediasi, boleh dikatakan tanpa biaya atau nominal cost.

2. Masalah sederhana dan cepat.

Memang benar salah satu prinsip pokok penyelesaian sengketa melalui arbitrase adalah informal procedure and can be put in motion quickly. Jadi prinsipnya informal dan cepatI. Tetapi kenyataan yang terjadi adalah lain. Tanpa mengurangi banyaknya sengketa yang diselesaikan arbitrase dalam jangka waktu 60-90 hari, Namun banyak pula penyelesaian yang memakan waktu panjang. Bahkan ada yang bertahun-tahun atau puluhan tahun. Apalagi timbul perbedaan pendapat mengenai penunjukkan arbitrase, Rule yang disepakati atau hukum yang hendak diterapkan (governing law), membuat proses penyelesaian bertambah rumit dan panjang. Kelebihan tersebut antara lain:

·         Dijamin kerahasiaan sengketa para pihak

·         Dapat dihindari kelambatan yang diakibatkan karena prosedural dan administratif

·         Para pihak dapat memilih arbiter yang menurut keyakinannya mempunyai pengetahuan, pengalaman serta latar belakang yang cukup mengenai masalah yang disengketakan, jujur dan adil

·         Para pihak dapat menentukan pilihan hukum untuk menyelesaikan masalahnya serta proses dan tempat penyelenggaraan arbitrase

·         Putusan arbitrase merupakan putusan yang mengikat para pihak dan dengan melalui tata cara (prosedur) yang sederhana saja ataupun langsung dapat dilaksanakan.